INSECT SOAK UP THE SUN

Aphids are one of the most unique organisms in the animal kingdom. In addition to being among the most destructive pets, some aphid species are the only animals known to produce carotenoids–light absorbing pigments that form part of the photosynthetic machinery of plants, algae, and certain fungi.
Now, an international group of researchers led by entomologist Alain Robichon from the Sophia Institute in France, have proposed that carotenoid-producing aphids can actually use the pigment in a photosynthetic-like process to produce ATP–the cellular energy molecule.

But whether the insects can use the power of light to ultimately synthesize glucose and other compounds is far from clear, Yale University geneticist Nancy Moran, who was not involved in the study, told Nature. “Energy production seems to be the least of an aphid’s problems–their diet is loaded with excessive sugar, most of which they cannot use,” she said. However, the authors counter that aphids may use the process as an energy back-up during times of stress, Nature reported.

THE HUMAN SPINE

UNDERGROND HELL IN RUSSIA

place or symbolical? Bible talks about hell several times. But I would like to share you this true to life experience of scientist named Dr. Azzacove from Russia who doesnt believe in God, in bible and hell. This news appeared in the well respected Finland newspaper, Ammenusastia.

Heres what happened, a group of geological scientist was drilling a 14.4 kilometers hole deep in Siberia, … then after using their super sensitive microphones to test the underground for sound intervals, they shocked on what they heard. First they heard a high pitched sound, they thought the sound was from their digging devices. After some adjustments: They heard a terrifying screams…, not just screams of a single human, but screams of millions human voice, a screams of pain.

Dr. Azzavoc the project manager of the scientist says. Aside from the screams they heard they were also surprised on a very high temperature around 1,100 degrees celsius. They are afraid to continue the project, and about half of the scientist quit because of fear.
Dr. Azzavoc is a communist, doesnt believe on God, and bible.. But after this event. He believes now that Hell really exist!. If you want to download the hell screaming sounds in mp3 format… click here. You may put that mp3 file in your cellphones, ipods so you can share this to other.

NEW DISCOVERY BY SALAMI TAIWO

1) The tooth is the only part of the human body that cant repair  itself.
2) In an average adult the volume of blood is one eleventh of the body weight, or between 5 and 6 quarts.
3) The feet account for one quarter of all the human bodies bones.That is 52 bones in the feet alone.
4) The first toy balloon,made of vulcanized rubber, was thought of by someone in the J.G Ingram company in          London,England in 1847.
5) A cough releases an explosive charge of air that moves at speeds up to 60 mph.
6) Do not cut or push back your toenail cuticles,Cuticles protect you against bacterial infection.
7) Saturn rings are about 500,000 miles in circumference but only about a foot thick.

WHY WE YAWN

Yawning, which opens the sinuses located to the left and right of the nose, acts to cool the brain when it gets too hot.
Excessive yawning, argue the researchers, appears to be a symptom of conditions that increase the brain or core temperature, such as damage to the central nervous. In addition, fits of yawning often precede epileptic seizures and migraines. Therefore, the authors say, understanding the physiological purpose of the reflex could have medical relevance.
Earlier work by the authors showed that the brains of mice increased in temperature just before a yawn and decreased directly after. The authors propose that the mucus within the sinus constantly evaporates and, like a refrigerator, cools the surrounding blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid. A yawn, they suggest, would amplify this process by stretching the jaw, which flexes the walls of the sinus bringing new air into it rapidly cooling an overheated brain.

How Blood Cells Thwart Malaria

Two hemoglobin mutations, including one that causes sickle cell anemia, may protect people from severe malaria by gumming up the cellular machinery the parasite uses to transmit deadly proteins to the cell surface. The findings, published today (November 10) in Science Express, suggest potential ways to fight the deadly disease.

“It’s a great study,” said Rick Fairhurst, who studies malaria pathogenesis and immunity at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and was not involved in the study. “It really takes us a huge, giant leap forward.” By showing what mutations enable cells to avoid the deadliest consequences of malaria, the research may also point to potential treatment targets, he added.
For decades, researchers have known that people who carry a gene for sickle cell anemia are highly resistant to dying from malaria. Research has shown that it is the mutation to one of their hemoglobin genes, which codes for the oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells, that was responsible for the fortuitous effect, and that other mutations in that same gene were also protective. But despite years of research, no one knew why.
Fairhurst and his colleagues published a paper showing that compared to normal cells, red blood cells carrying two hemoglobin mutations had lower surface concentrations of a virulent, sticky protein produced by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The protein, which is normally shuttled from the parasite’s protein making factory inside the cells to the cell surface, prevents the body from clearing infected blood cells. But in the blood cells with mutated hemoglobin, that didn’t seem to happen—the parasite proteins never made it to the surface of the cells.
To find out why, parasitologist Michael Lanzer of Heidelberg University in Germany and his colleagues flash froze red blood cells with and without the mutations and used electron microscopy to visualize the cells before and after infection.
They found that uninfected cells contained short pieces of actin that help keep the membrane skeleton rigid. After infection, in normal cells, long actin filaments appeared, linking a cellular component made by the parasite called the Maurer’s cleft, which looks a bit like a stack of pancakes, to the cell membrane. “We concluded that the parasite mines that actin from the membrane skeleton of the host, and uses this mined actin to generate actin filaments of its own design,” Lanzer said—namely to transmit the proteins to the outside surface of the red blood cell.
By contrast, in cells with mutated hemoglobin, the Maurer’s cleft looked more like a big blob and the disordered actin filaments did not connect the cleft to the cell membrane. Somehow, it seemed, the mutations were preventing the parasite from setting up its protein factory effectively, thereby reducing protein transport outside the cell.
The team also took a closer look at the hemoglobin, and found that  the difference between the mutated and wild-type cells was that mutated forms were more easily oxidized.  When they placed actin filaments in the presence of both the normal and mutated copies of hemoglobin, the researchers found that mutated forms of hemoglobin led to shorter actin chains than wild-type hemoglobin. Actin placed with oxidized hemoglobin similarly failed to form long chains, suggesting that oxidation was indeed responsible for the difference in the parasite’s protein machinery seen in cells with mutated and normal hemoglobin.
Taken together, the findings suggest that the hemoglobin mutations blunt the deadliness of malaria because the oxidized hemoglobin inhibits actin reorganization, thereby preventing the malaria parasite from shuttling its proteins to the surface red blood cells, Lanzer said.
Future work should confirm that the same effects are seen in cells that carry only one copy of the mutated hemoglobin, since the vast majority of people who carry these mutations and have a survival advantage against malaria are heterozygous for the mutated hemoglobin, Fairhurst said.
Understanding how the body gets around malaria’s deadliness could guide the design of drug therapies, he added, for instance by finding small molecules that inhibit the parasite’s protein trafficking machinery.
“Mother Nature had 10,000 years or so to mutate the genome in ways that would actually protect against death,” Fairhurst said. “We want to use these mutations to teach us something about how you protect children.”

EVOLUTION OF MAN

Evolution Of Man - What is it?
The modern theory concerning the evolution of man proposes that humans and apes derive from an apelike ancestor that lived on earth a few million years ago. The theory states that man, through a combination of environmental and genetic factors, emerged as a species to produce the variety of ethnicities seen today, while modern apes evolved on a separate evolutionary pathway. Perhaps the most famous proponent of evolutionary theory is Charles Darwin (1809-82) who authored The Origin of Species (1859) to describe his theory of evolution. It was based largely on observations which he made during his 5-year voyage around the world aboard the HMS Beagle (1831-36). Since then, mankind's origin has generally been explained from an evolutionary perspective. Moreover, the theory of man's evolution has been and continues to be modified as new findings are discovered, revisions to the theory are adopted, and earlier concepts proven incorrect are discarded.
Evolution Of Man - Concepts in Evolutionary Theory
The currently-accepted theory of the evolution of man rests on three major principles. These principles hinge on the innate ability which all creatures have to pass on their genetic information to their offspring through the reproductive process. An alternative explanation for homology is a common designer. According to this reasoning, the similarities in anatomical features between species point to a blueprint used by a Creator/Designer.

The first tenet is microevolution, the occurrence and build-up of mutations in the genetic sequence of an organism. Mutations are predominantly random and can occur naturally through errors in the reproductive process or through environmental impacts such as chemicals or radiation.

The second tenet of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is a natural mechanism by which the fittest members of a species survive to pass on their genetic information, while the weakest are eliminated (die off) because they are unable to compete in the wild. Natural selection is often termed "survival of the fittest" or "elimination of the weakest."

The third tenet is speciation, which occurs when members of a species mutate to the point where they are no longer able to breed with other members of the same species. The new population becomes a reproductively isolated community that is unable to breed with its former community. Through speciation, the genes of the new population become isolated from the previous group.
Evolution Of Man - Scientific Evidence
The theory of evolution of man is supported by a set of independent observations within the fields of anthropology, paleontology, and molecular biology. Collectively, they depict life branching out from a common ancestor through gradual genetic changes over millions of years, commonly known as the "tree of life." Although accepted in mainstream science as altogether factual and experimentally proven, a closer examination of the evidences reveal some inaccuracies and reasonable alternative explanations. This causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.

One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.

Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.

Evolution Of Man - The Scrutiny
The theory concerning the evolution of man is under increased scrutiny due to the persistence of gaps in the fossil record, the inability to demonstrate "life-or-death" determining advantageous genetic mutations, and the lack of experiments or observations to truly confirm the evidence for speciation. Overall, the evolution of man pervades as the accepted paradigm on the origin of man within the scientific community. This is not because it has been proven scientifically, but because alternative viewpoints bring with them metaphysical implications which go against the modern naturalistic paradigm. Nevertheless, a closer examination of the evidence reveals evolution to be increasingly less scientific and more reliant upon beliefs, not proof.