MAMMOTH BLOOD GIVES HOPE FOR CLONING

Russian researchers reported last week that they’d discovered a very well preserved mammoth carcass lying under ice and tundra in the Lyakhovsky Islands north of the Arctic Circle. Word of the find, and the fact that flowing blood was recovered from the beast, spread around the popular press like wildfire. “The fragments of muscle tissues, which we’ve found out of the body, have a natural red color of fresh meat,” said expedition leader Semyon Grigoriev in a statement from North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU) in Yaktusk, Siberia. “The blood is very dark, it was found in ice cavities bellow the belly, and when we broke these cavities with a poll pick, the blood came running out.”
Grigoriev noted that the discovery could be just the spark needed for a joint mammoth cloning project between NEFU and the South Korean Sooam Biotech Research Foundation. “It was important to discover the mammoth in cold weather, because the unique discovery would melt in summer or autumn, and the priceless material for joint project ‘Mammoth rebirth’ of NEFU and Sooam foundation could disappear from thawing and wild animals,” he said.
But is the hope of finding viable DNA and possibly even intact cells in the mammoth really that high? Scientific American reached out to some mammoth experts who weren’t involved in the latest discovery, which was announced in the press before publication in the scientific literature, to temper the enthusiasm. “[The Russian team has] not found any ‘living cell’—at most they could hope to find what the cloning enthusiasts might call a cell with ‘viable’ DNA, meaning that it would be intact enough to use in the context of a cloning effort,” wrote Daniel Fisher of the University of Michigan in an email to Scientific American. “In fact, although there is much talk of ‘viability’ of this sort, I think it remains to be demonstrated that any DNA from a mammoth meets this criterion. In general, ancient DNA is highly fragmented and by no means ‘ready to go’ into the next mammoth embryo.”
The University of Manitoba’s Kevin CampbellScientific American that the blood, which is apparently still in a liquid state even at -17° C, very well could contain intact proteins. “Since the sample was collected from outside the body, it is likely that there is also ‘contamination’ from myoglobin and possibly bacteria (for example),” he wrote in an email to the magazine. “Based on the color alone, I think it is pretty safe to say that there is indeed a fair amount of hemoglobin (and possibly myoglobin) in the vials.”

, who has participated in research that successfully reconstructed mammoth hemoglobin using ancient DNA, told
Cambell and Fisher both indicated that the mammoth research community is very interested in this recent discovery and that the newly unearthed carcass will now be studied in great detail to answer some of these intriguing questions.

Drugged Fish Act Different

An anti-anxiety medication that has found its way from water treatment plants into ponds and streams of Europe may alter the behavior of perch even at low concentrations, according to a study published today (February 14) in Science. Fish exposed to the drug, called oxazepam, tended to eat more quickly and were more active and less social than they had been prior to drug exposure and compared with their unexposed peers.
“It’s definitely an interesting study,” said David Skelly, an ecologist at Yale University who was not involved in the research. “It’s joining a group of exposure studies that are showing very clearly that the individual chemicals that are showing up as environmental contaminants are ecologically relevant.”
Previously researchers have raised concerns about all manner of pharmaceuticals in the water, from estrogens suggested to cause reproductive abnormalities in frogs to psychoactive drugs linked to autism in fish. Oxazepam is a type of benzodiazepine, drugs that work by binding to GABA receptors and are used to treat anxiety. Since many animals have these receptors, it stands to reason that benzodiazepines might influence animal behavior, Brodin said, but they “weren’t being studied [in animals] in environmentally relevant quantities.”
Testing effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Sweden and downstream water from the River Fyris, environmental scientist Tomas Brodin of Umeå University and colleagues found 0.58 micrograms of oxazepam per liter in the river and 0.73 micrograms per liter in the treated wastewater—concentrations consistent with previously reported levels of benzodiazepine drugs in other parts of the world.
The researchers then took European perch raised in clean water and put them in water with either a low dose of 1.8 micrograms of oxazepam per liter, or a high dose of 910 micrograms per liter. By the end of the 7-day treatment, the fish on the lower drug dose had accumulated levels of oxazepam in their tissues similar to those found in wild perch in the River Fyris.
Following exposure to the medicated water at either the high or low dose, fish spent more time swimming around their tanks. When the scientists put zooplankton in water, the exposed fish found and ate them more rapidly than the control fish, but showed low interest in other fish. The researchers also found that fish treated with the high dose of the drug scored higher on tests of boldness, or their willingness to explore novel situations.
Bodin suggested that the behavioral changes could have ecological consequences. For instance, hungry, drug-dosed fish might deplete algae-eating plankton, which could in turn cause algal blooms. On the other hand, an asocial, highly active fish might be at increased risk of being eaten.
But Skelly cautioned against going too far predicting ecological effects. “Just because you saw these changes, you can’t say very much about how it’s going to pan out in the field,” he says. In the wild, the very presence of predators might change the fish’s behavior, he noted. Oxazepam might also interact with a cocktail of other drugs that had made it into the water.
Still, Brodin said, the results are an indication of the effects benzodiazepines and many other psychoactive drugs could be having on a whole range of animals. “It’s very probable that these behavioral changes are going on in aquatic species around the world as we speak,” he said.